Papers by Stefano Galli

Patents

1.     S. Galli, D. L. Waring, "Single Ended Measurement Method and System for Determining Subscriber Loop Make-up," US Patent 6,538,451, March 25, 2003.

2.     S. Galli, "Improved Method for Determining Subscriber Loop Make-Up by Subtracting Calculated Signals, "  US Patent 6,724,859, April 20, 2004.

3.     T. Banwell, S. Galli, "System and Circuitry for Measuring Echoes on Subscriber Loops", US Patent 6,819,744, November 16, 2004.

4.     R. Hausman, S. Galli, K. Kerpez, "Improved Crosstalk Identification for Spectrum Management in Broadband Telecommunications Systems," US Patent 6,885,746, April 26, 2005.

5.     S. Galli, K. Kerpez, "Method and System for Improved Single-Ended Loop Make-Up Identification," US Patent 7,010,441, March 7, 2006.

6.     S. Galli, et al., "A Novel Approach to OSPF-Area Design for Large Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks" Provisional Patent Application , September 2004.

7.     S. Galli, R. Menendez, "DWDM-compatible Spectrally Phase Encoded Optical CDMA," Provisional Patent Application , November 2004.

8.     S. Etemad, P. Delfyett, T. Banwell, S. Galli, J. Jackel, R. Menendez, P. Toliver, "Phase chip frequency-bins Optical Code Division Multiple Access," Patent Pending, February 2005.

Invited Talks/Papers, and Guest Editorials

1.     Invited Paper: "Linear Equalization of a Telephone Channel: Performance Analysis"
Author: Stefano Galli
TOPSIM Users Club (TUC) Bulletin, COREP Editions, no. 11, July 1996.

2.     Lecture at the Eurecomm Institut, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France. May 17, 1999.
Host: Prof. Giuseppe Caire.
"The Use of Soft Statistics in Digital Communications"

3.     Lecture at the John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. April 17, 2003.
Host: Prof. Paul Peter Sotiriadis.
"Nonlinear MMSE Estimation and Soft Decisions"

4.     Invited Speaker at the IEEE Wireless & Optical Communications Conference, WOCC'01, Newark, USA, April 20-21, 2001.
"Bluetooth: Technology and Market Perspectives,"

5.     Guest Editorial: "Broadband is Power: Internet Access Through the Power Line Network"
Authors: S. Galli, A. Scaglione, K. Dostert
IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 31, no. 5, May 2003.

6.     Invited Speaker at the European Conference on Optical Communications, ECOC’03, Rimini, Italy, Sep. 21-25, 2003.
"Status of Broadband Access in the US,"

7.     Keynote Speaker at the IEEE International Symposium on Power Line Communications, ISPLC’05, Vancouver, Canada, April 6-8, 2005.
"Modeling of Electrical Power Supply Systems as Communication Channels: the In-Home and In-Vehicle Cases"

8.     Keynote Speaker at the IEEE Symposium on Personal Area Communications and the Smart Home, CCNSI’05, Tel Aviv, Israel, June 1-2, 2005.
"Recent Results on the Modeling of the Indoor Power Line Channel"

9.     Lecture at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California. October 4, 2005
Hosts: Prof. Mario Gerla, Prof. Giovanni Pau.
"Transmission over Power Lines: A New Challenge for Communications Engineers"

10.     Lecture at the Lucent Technologies - Bell Labs, Crawford Hill, New Jersey. December 7, 2005.
Crawford Hill Open Seminar Series
"Modeling of the Indoor Power Line Channel: Overview of Recent Results"

11.     Lecture at the University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy. February 16, 2006.
Host: Prof. Marcello D'Amore.
"Power Line Communications: Applications, Trends and Recent Modeling Results"

12.     Dinstinguished Lecture at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. February 27, 2006.
Hosts: Prof. Vijay Bhargava, Prof. Lutz Lampe.
"Crosstalk and Loop Make-Up Identification Algorithms for DSL Systems"

13.     Invited Paper: "High Resolution Control of the Optical Phase for Code Empowered Networking"
Authors: S. Etemad, A. Agarwal, T. Banwell, P. Delfyett, S. Galli, J. Jackel, B. Little, R. Menendez, P. Toliver
IEEE Optical Fiber Communications Conference, OFC’06, Anaheim, California, March 5-10, 2006.

14.     Lecture at the University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware. April 3, 2006.
Hosts: Prof. Len Cimini.
"Power Line Communications: Recent Modeling Results"

15.     Lecture at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey. April 20, 2006.
Host: Prof. Sergio Verdu.
"Modeling of the Transfer Function of the Indoor Power Line Channel"

16.     Guest Editorial: "Power Line Communications"
Authors: E. Biglieri, S. Galli, Y.-W. Lee, H.V. Poor, H. Vinck
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (JSAC), vol. 24, no. 7, July 2006.

Journal Papers

1.     E. Baccarelli, R. Cusani, S. Galli, "Novel Analytical Performance Bounds for Symbol-by-Symbol Decoding of Digital Data Impaired by ISI and AWGN", IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 43, no. 2, March 1997.

2.     R. Cusani, E. Baccarelli, S. Galli, "A Novel Procedure for Jones’ Parameters Estimation for M-4QAM Optical Systems", European Transactions on Telecommunications, vol. 8, no. 2, March/April 1997.

3.     E. Baccarelli, R. Cusani, S. Galli, "An Application of the HMM Theory to Optimal Nonlinear Equalisation of Quantised-Output Digital ISI Channels", Signal Processing, EURASIP, vol.58, no.1, April 1997.

4.     E. Baccarelli, R. Cusani, S. Galli, "Equalization of Twisted-Pair Channels via Optimum Filtering and Noise Prediction", Signal Processing, EURASIP, vol.66, no.1, January 1998.

5.     E. Baccarelli, S. Galli, "New Results about Analysis and Design of TCM for ISI Channels and Combined Equalization/Decoding", IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol.46, no.4, April 1998.

6.     E. Baccarelli, R. Cusani, S. Galli, "A Novel Adaptive Equalizer with Enhanced Channel-Tracking Capability for TDMA-Based Mobile Radio Communications", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Special Issue on Signal Processing for Wireless Communications (Part II), vol. 16, no. 8, Dec. 1998.

7.     R. Cusani, E. Baccarelli, G. Di Blasio, S. Galli, "A Simple Polarization-Recovery Algorithm for Dual-Polarized Cellular Mobile-Radio Systems in Time-Variant Faded Environments", IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.49, no.1, January 2000.

8.     E. Baccarelli, R. Cusani, S. Galli, "Performance of the Nonlinear Adaptive SBS-MAP Detector Using Soft Statistics for Digital Transmissions over HF Channels", IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.49, no.4, July 2000.

9.  S. Galli, "Exact Conditions for the Symmetry of a Loop", IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 4, no. 10, October 2000.

10.  S. Galli, K. Kerpez, "The problem of summing crosstalk from mixed sources", IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 4, no. 11, November 2000.

11.  E. Baccarelli, S. Galli, "Minimum Error Probability Single-User Detection for ISI Impaired Narrowband Multi-User Systems", IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol.49, no.6, June 2001.

12.  E. Baccarelli, S. Galli, "A New Approach Based on Soft-Statistics to the Non-Linear Blind-Deconvolution of Unknown Data-Channels " , IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing , vol.49, no.7, July 2001.

13.  S. Galli, C. Valenti, K. Kerpez, "A Frequency-Domain Approach to Crosstalk Identification in DSL Systems", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Special Issue on Multiuser Detection Techniques with Application to Wired and Wireless Communications Systems (Part I), vol.19, no.8, August 2001.

14.  S. Galli, K. Kerpez, "Methods of Summing Crosstalk from Mixed Sources - Part I: Theoretical Analysis", IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 50, no. 3, March 2002.

15.  K. Kerpez, S. Galli, "Methods of Summing Crosstalk from Mixed Sources - Part II: Performance Results", IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 50, no. 4, April 2002.

16.  S. Galli, D. L. Waring, "Loop Make-up Identification via Single Ended Testing: Beyond Mere Loop Qualification ", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Special Issue on Twisted Pair Transmission - Ever Increasing Performance on Ancient Telephone Wires, vol. 20, no. 5, June 2002.

17.  S. Galli, "A New Family of Soft-Output Adaptive Receivers Exploiting Nonlinear MMSE Estimates for TDMA-Based Wireless Links," IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 50, no. 12, Dec. 2002.

18.  K. Kerpez, D. Waring, S. Galli, J. Dixon, P. Madon, "Advanced DSL Management," IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 31, no. 9, Sep. 2003.

19.  S. Etemad, P. Toliver, R. Menendez, J. Young, T. Banwell, S. Galli, J. Jackel, P. Delfyett, C. Price, T. Turpin, "Spectrally Efficient Optical-CDMA Using Coherent Phase-Frequency Coding," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol.17, no. 4, April 2005.

20.  T. Banwell, S. Galli, "A Novel Approach to the Modeling of the Indoor Power Line Channel - Part I: Circuit Analysis and Companion Model," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 20, no. 2, Apr. 2005.

21.  S. Galli, T. Banwell, "A Novel Approach to the Modeling of the Indoor Power Line Channel - Part II: Transfer Function and Its Properties," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 20, no. 3, July 2005.

22.  R. Menendez, P. Toliver, S. Galli, A. Agarwal, T. Banwell, J. Jackel, J. Young, S. Etemad, "Network Applications of Cascaded Passive Code Translation for WDM-Compatible Spectrally Phase-Encoded Optical CDMA," IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 23, no. 10, October 2005.

23.  S. Galli, K. Kerpez, "Single-Ended Loop Make-Up Identification - Part I: A Method for Analyzing TDR Measurements," IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 55, no. 2, April 2006.

24.  K. Kerpez, S. Galli, "Single-Ended Loop Make-Up Identification - Part II: Improved Measurements and Performance Results," IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 55, no. 2, April 2006.

25.  S. Galli, T. Banwell, "A Deterministic Frequency-Domain Model for the Indoor Power Line Transfer Function", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Special Issue on Power Line Communications, vol. 24, no. 7, July 2006.

International Conferences

1.     R. Cusani, E. Baccarelli, S. Galli, "Model Parameter Estimation for 2D Non Causal Gauss-Markov Random Fields", IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, ISIT’95, Whistler, Canada, 17-22 Sept. 1995.

2.     E. Baccarelli, R. Cusani, S. Galli, A Novel Adaptive Receiver for Combined Channel-Estimation and Data-Detection for Digital Transmission over Time- and Frequency-Dispersive Mobile Radio Channels, IEEE International Conference on Personal Wireless Communications, ICPWC’96, New Delhi, India, 19-21 Feb. 1996.

3.     P. Mandarini, R. Cusani, E. Baccarelli, S. Galli,"Combined Optimization of Transmitting and Receiving Filters for Crosstalk Suppression on Twisted-pair Wirings", IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC’96, Dallas, USA, 23-27 June. 1996.

4.     R. Cusani, E. Baccarelli, S. Galli, M. Gneo, "Adaptive Nonlinear Equalisation of Digital Radio Channels at 360 Kb/s and 2 GHz in the High-Speed-Train Environment", ACTS Mobile Communication Summit, MCS’96, Granada, Spain, 27-29 Nov., 1996.

5.     E. Baccarelli, R. Cusani, S. Galli, "A New Form of Combined Adaptive Equalization and Decoding for TCM Signals over Fast Time-Variant Multipath Links", IEEE International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications, SPAWC’97, Paris, France, 16-18 Apr. 1997.

6.     E. Baccarelli, S. Galli, "TCMs Matched to ISI Channels: New Results for Combined Symbol-by-Symbol Equalization and Decoding", IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC’97, Montreal, Canada, 8-12 June 1997.

7.     E. Baccarelli, R. Cusani, G. Di Blasio, S. Galli, "On the Modeling of GMSK Binary Transmission over Time-Variant TDMA/FDD Macrocellular Radio Channels with Derotation-Based Coherent Demodulation", IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications, ISCC’97, Alexandria, Egypt, 1-3 July 1997.

8.     E. Baccarelli, R. Cusani, S. Galli, "New Insight into the Performance of TCM Schemes over Fast time-variant Multipath-Degraded Faded Environments", IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, ISIT’97, Ulm, Germany, June 29 - July 4 1997.

9.     E. Baccarelli, R. Cusani, G. Di Blasio, S. Galli, "A Combined Adaptive Equalizer and TCM-Decoder for Fast Time-Variant ISI-Degraded Rayleigh Radio Channels", IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, ISIT’97, Ulm, Germany, June 29 - July 4 1997.

10.  E. Baccarelli, R. Cusani, S. Galli, "A Novel Approach to Blind Deconvolution Based on Second-Order Soft Statistics", IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC’98, Atlanta, USA, June 7-12 1998.

11.  E. Baccarelli, S. Galli, A. Fasano, "The Cut-Off Rate of Digital Radio-Channels Impaired by Time-Correlated Multipath-Phenomena", IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC’98, Atlanta, USA, June 7-12 1998.

12.  E. Baccarelli, S. Galli, A. Fasano, "A Novel Receiver and a Related Performance Bound for Combined Equalization and Decoding of TCM-data in TDMA-Based Cellular Mobile-Radio Systems", IEEE International Conference on Telecommunications, ICT’98, Porto Carras, Greece, June 22-25 1998.

13.  E. Baccarelli, S. Galli, A. Fasano, "Upper and Lower Bounds on the Cutoff Rate for Coded Transmissions over Time-Correlated Rayleigh-Faded Mobile-Radio Links", IEEE International Conference on Telecommunications, ICT’98, Porto Carras, Greece, June 22-25 1998.

14.  E. Baccarelli, G. Di Blasio, S. Galli, A. Fasano, "Tight Upper and Lower Bounds on the Symmetric Capacity and Outage Probability for Bandwidth-Efficient QAM Transmissions over Rayleigh-Faded Channels", IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, ISIT’98, MIT, USA, 16-21 Aug. 1998.

15.  E. Baccarelli, S. Galli, A. Fasano, "A Multiuser Approach to Minimum-Error-Probability Detection for Narrowband Multiple Access Data-System Affected by ISI and CCI", IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications, ISCC’99, Sharm El Sheik, Egypt, 6-8 July 1999.

16.  E. Baccarelli, S. Galli, A. Fasano, "A Novel MAP-MLSE Adaptive Receiver with Enhanced Performances", IEEE International Symposium on Wireless Communications, ISWC’99, Victoria, Canada, 3-4 June 1999.

17.  E. Baccarelli, S. Galli, A. Fasano, "Combining MLSE and MAP Detection: A New Way to Develop High-Performance Adaptive Receivers", IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, VTC’99, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 19-22 Sept. 1999.

18.  E. Baccarelli, S. Galli, A. Fasano, A. Zucchi "A Novel Reduced-Complexity MAP Equalizer Using Soft-Statistics for Decision-Feedback ISI Cancellation", IEEE Globecom Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 5-12 Dec. 1999.

19.  S. Galli, K. Kerpez, S. Ungar, D. Waring, "Home Networks And Internet Appliances Shape Service Provider Access Architectures", IEEE International Symposium on Services and Local Access, ISSLS’00, Stockolm, Sweden, 18-23 June, 2000.

20.  S. Galli, "Non Linear MMSE Estimation and SbS-MAP Receivers", IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, ISIT’00, Sorrento, Italy, 25-30 June, 2000.

21.  S. Galli, D. Wong, M. Barton, J. Koshy, "Bluetooth Technology: Link Performance and Networking Issues", European Wireless Conference, EW’00, Dresden, Germany, Sep. 12-14, 2000.

22.  S. Galli, "A Novel APP-Based Soft-Output Adaptive Equalizer with Enhanced Channel Tracking Capability", IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, VTC’00, Boston, USA, 24-28 Sept. 2000.

23.  D.L. Waring, S. Galli, K. Kerpez, J. Lamb, C. Valenti, "Analysis Techniques for Loop Qualification and Spectrum Management", International Wire and Cable Symposium, IWCS’00, Atlantic City, USA, November 13-16, 2000.

24.  T. Banwell, S. Galli, "On the symmetry of the power line channel", IEEE International Conference on Power Line Communications and Its Applications, ISPLC 2001, Malmo, Sweden, April 4-6, 2001.

25.  T. Banwell, S. Galli, "A new approach to the modeling of the transfer function of the power line channel", IEEE International Conference on Power Line Communications and Its Applications, ISPLC 2001, Malmo, Sweden, April 4-6, 2001.

26.  S. Galli, "HomeRF and Bluetooth: Assessment of the Point-to-Point Link Performance", IEEE Broadband Wireless Summit, IBWS 2001, Las Vegas, USA, May 9-10, 2001.

27.  S. Galli, "Optimal Non-Linear MMSE Channel Estimation for Broadband Wireless TDMA Systems and Necessity of Soft-Decisions", IEEE Broadband Wireless Summit, IBWS 2001, Las vegas, USA, May 9-10, 2001.

28.  S. Galli, K. Kerpez, "A New Method for Summing Crosstalk from Mixed-Sources: the Generalized FSAN-Method", IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC 2001, Helsinki, Finland, June 11-15, 2001.

29.  S. Galli, "A Novel APP-Based Soft-Output Adaptive Equalizer Exploiting Non-Linear MMSE Fixed-Lag Smoothed Estimates of the Transmitted Symbols", IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC 2001, Helsinki, Finland, June 11-15, 2001.

30.  S. Galli, "Making Power Line Communications More Reliable by Using Optimal Soft Information", IEEE International Conference on Power Line Communications and its Applications, ISPLC 2002, Athens, Greece, March 27-29, 2002.

31.  S. Galli, R. Hausman, K. Kerpez, C. Valenti, "Multiuser Channel Estimation:  Finding the Best Sparse Representation of Crosstalk on the Basis of Overcomplete Dictionaries," IEEE Globecom Conference, Taipei, Taiwan, Nov. 17-21, 2002.

32.  S. Galli, T. Banwell, "The Indoor Power Line Channel: New Results and Modem Design Considerations," IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference, CCNC'04, Las Vegas, Nevada, Jan. 5-8, 2004.

33.  S. Etemad, T. Banwell, S. Galli, J. Jackel, R. Menendez, P. Toliver, J. Young, P. Delfyett, C. Price, T. Turpin, "Optical-CDMA Incorporating Phase Coding of Coherent Frequency Bins: Concepts, Simulation, Experiment," IEEE Optical Fiber Conference, OFC'04, Los Angeles, California, Feb.22-27, 2004.

34.  S. Galli, T. Banwell, D. Waring, "Power Line Based LAN on Board the NASA Space Shuttle," IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, VTC'04, Milan, Italy, May 17-19, 2004.

35.  S. Galli, D. Famolari, T. Kodama, "Bluetooth: Channel Coding Considerations," IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, VTC'04, Milan, Italy, May 17-19, 2004.

36.  S. Galli, R. Morera, A. McAuley, "An Analytical Approach to the Performance Evaluation of Mobility Protocols: The Handoff Delay Case," IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, VTC'04, Milan, Italy, May 17-19, 2004.

37.  S. Galli, R. Morera, A. McAuley, "An Analytical Approach to the Performance Evaluation of Mobility Protocols: The Overall Mobility Cost Case," IEEE Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Conference, PIMRC'04, Barcelona, Spain, Sep. 5-8, 2004.

38.   R. Morera, S. Galli, A. McAuley,"An Analytical Performance Evaluation of LNS-SMP Mobility Management Scheme," IEEE Military Communications Conference, MILCOM'04, Monterey, California, Oct.31 - Nov. 3, 2004.

39.   P. Toliver, J. Young, J. Jackel, T. Banwell, R. Menendez, S. Galli, S. Etemad, "Optical Network Compatibility Demonstration of O-CDMA Based on Hyperfine Spectral Phase Coding," IEEE LEOS'04, Puerto Rico, Nov. 7-11, 2004.

40.   S. Galli, R. Menendez, R. Fischer, R. Runser, V. Baby, C. Bres, I. Glesk, P. Prucnal "Considerations on The Bit Error Probability of Optical CDMA Systems," Iasted Conference on Communications, Internet, and Information Technology, CIIT'04, St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands, Nov. 22-24, 2004.

41.   S. Galli, R. Menendez, P. Toliver, T. Banwell, J. Jackel, J. Young, S. Etemad, "DWDM-Compatible Spectrally Phase Encoded O-CDMA," IEEE Globecom Conference, Dallas, Texas, Nov. 29 - Dec. 3, 2004.

42.   S. Galli, R. Menendez, P. Toliver, T. Banwell, J. Jackel, J. Young, S. Etemad, "Experimental Results on the Simultaneous Transmission of Two 2.5 Gbps Optical-CDMA Channels and a 10 Gbps OOK Channel Within the Same WDM Window," IEEE Optical Fiber Communications, OFC'05, Anaheim, California, Mar. 6 11, 2005.

43.   S. Galli, R. Menendez, "Spectral Encoding as a Means To Ensure Spectral Compatibility Between PLCs and Radio Services," IEEE International Symposium on Power Line Communications, ISPLC'05, Vancouver, Canada, April 6-8, 2005.

44.   S. Galli, H. Luss, J. Sucec, A. McAuley, S. Samtani, D. Dubois, K. DeTerra, R. Stewart, B. Kelley, "A Novel Approach to OSPF-Area Design for Large Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks", IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC'05, Seoul, Korea, May 16-20, 2005.

45.   K. Kerpez, S. Galli, "Optimization of Single-Carrier and Multi-Carrier DSL Spectra," IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC'05, Seoul, Korea, May 16-20, 2005.

46.   S. Galli, R. Menendez, P. Toliver, T. Banwell, J. Jackel, J. Young, S. Etemad, "Novel Results on the Coexistence of Spectrally Phase Encoded OCDMA and DWDM," IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC'05, Seoul, Korea, May 16-20, 2005.

47.   S. Galli, K. Kerpez, "Signal Processing for Single-Ended Loop Make-Up Identification," IEEE International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications, SPAWC’05, New York City, New York, June 5-8, 2005.

48.   S. Galli, R. Menendez, R. Fischer, R. Runser, E. Narimarov, P. Prucnal, "A Novel Method for Increasing the Spectral Efficiency of Optical CDMA," IEEE Globecom Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, Nov.28 - Dec. 2, 2005.

49.   R. Menendez, S. Galli, P. Toliver, J. Jackel, S. Etemad, "Code-Grouping of Spectrally Phase Encoded OCDMA Based on Walsh-Decomposition of Hadamard Codes," IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC'06, Istanbul, Turkey, June 11-15, 2006.

50.   S. Galli, K. Kerpez, "Improved Algorithms for Single-Ended Loop Make-Up Identification," IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC'06, Istanbul, Turkey, June 11-15, 2006.